Systems and methods for rendering &amp; pre-encoded load estimation based encoder hinting

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods for hinting an encoder are disclosed in which a server monitors for information related to changes in frame rendering, calculates tolerance boundaries, rolling average frame time, and short-term trends in frame time, and uses those calculations to identify a frame time peak. The server then hints a codec (encoder) to modulate the quality settings of frame output in proportion to the size of the frame time peak. In certain embodiments, a renderer records one or more playthroughs in a game environment, sorts a plurality of frames from one or more playthroughs into a plurality of cells on a heatmap, and collects the list of sorted frames. A codec may then encode one or more frames from the list of sorted frames to calculate an average encoded frame size for each cell in the heatmap, and associate each average encoded frame size with a per-cell normalized encoder quality setting.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/421,934, filed on May 24, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 15/958,610 filed Apr. 20, 2018, which claimsthe benefit of the following U.S. Provisional Applications: No.62/655,901, filed Apr. 11, 2018, No. 62/647,180, filed Mar. 23, 2018,and No. 62/488,526, filed Apr. 21, 2017.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Remote gaming applications, in which a server-side game is controlled bya client-side player, have attempted to encode the video output from athree-dimensional (3D) graphics engine in real-time using existing orcustomized encoders. However, the interactive nature of video games,particularly the player feedback loop between video output and playerinput, makes game video streaming much more sensitive to latency thantraditional video streaming. Existing video coding methods can tradecomputational power, and little else, for reductions in encoding time.New methods for integrating the encoding process into the videorendering process can provide significant reductions in encoding timewhile also reducing computational power, improving the quality of theencoded video, and retaining the original bitstream data format topreserve interoperability of existing hardware devices.

On the first pass of a multi-pass encoding process, the cost of encodingor size of each encoded video frame is calculated before the data isefficiently packed to fit a bitrate constraint on successive passes. Thebenefits of multi-pass encoding are substantial, providing the highestpossible quality for a bitrate constraint, but traditional multi-passencoding requires access to the complete video file making it unsuitablefor live streaming applications.

Live streaming applications typically use single-pass encoding since thevideo is not available in advance. The time constraints on live streamencoding impede the encoder's ability to efficiently pack the videoinformation for a constrained bitrate. Because encoding costs are notcalculated in a single-pass encode, the network traffic spikes whenhigh-entropy frames are encoded.

Real-time rendered video is increasingly utilized in live streamingapplications, like video game streaming, where high quality andconstrained bandwidth are both highly valued. Rendered video, unlikerecorded video, has access to additional information about each framewhich can be re-used to estimate the cost of encoding the frame. In thismanner, the results of a first pass in a multi-pass encoding scheme canbe approximated to achieve the highest quality encoded video within abitrate constraint. Many rendering engines have partial informationabout the images that will be rendered and may pre-generate encoderquality settings that can be used during runtime. In this manner, thebenefits of a multi-pass encoding mode can be achieved in alive-streaming environment. However, as explained below, presentcomputer technology remains deficient in estimating encoding quality toa sufficient degree to perform rendering of high-quality real-timerendered video while compensating for traffic spikes due to increasedentropy. Moreover, there is no encoding technology that presentlypre-encodes spatially, rather than temporally, replicating multi-passencoding while remaining in a real-time environment.

U.S. Pat. No. 7,844,002 B2 (“the '002 patent”) discloses systems andmethods for effectuating real-time MPEG video coding with informationlook-ahead in order to achieve a constant bit rate. The system iscomprised of two video encoders, one of which delays the input by anamount of time relative to the other encoder's look-ahead window. In thesystem of the '002 patent, one of the video encoders operates as abuffer (look-ahead) device, delaying the input video frames so that thesecond of the video encoders, acting as the informationcollector/processor, will have the time needed to extract relevantinformation and determine an encoding strategy for the video frames.Once that strategy is determined, the coding parameters are passed tothe encoder device for execution. The technology of the '002 patent isdeficient in comparison to the present invention at least because itdoes not disclose techniques for calculating the cost of encoding framesof rendered video in a live streaming application, providingsufficiently low latency for live streaming for gaming applications, orproviding techniques for using video data to maximize encoded videowithin bitrate constraints. The present invention is also superiorbecause it collects and stores encoder settings for video data, whichcan be reused indefinitely.

U.S. Patent Publication No. US2016/0198166 A1, (“the '166 Publication”),discloses systems and methods for pseudo multi-pass encoding techniquesthat provide a solution for real-time encoding. The system disclosed isone in which the input video frames are down-sampled and encoded in afirst pass to form a sub-group of pictures. Those sub-groups are thenused to generate encoding statistics which are used to generate a set ofsecond-pass coded frames. The techniques described by the '166Publication are inferior to the present invention at least because thepresent invention teaches techniques for calculating a specific cost forencoding frames of rendered video in a live streaming application andfor using such data to maximize encoded video within bitrate constraintswithout any down-sampling.

U.S. Pat. No. 9,697,280 (“the '280 patent”), discloses systems andmethods for producing a mobile media data record from the normalizedinformation, analyzing the mobile media data record to determine asettlement arrangement, and providing at least some of the participantsrepresented in the mobile media record with relevant information fromthe settlement agreement. The systems and methods are capable ofperforming multi-pass encoding where outputs of a previous encoder aredaisy-chained to the inputs of a next encoder resulting in a delaybefore the encoded file is available for consumption. To reduce latencyassociated with sequential encoding, while achieving equivalently highquality, successive encoding stages may be configured in a pipeline suchthat the output of a first encoder is fed to the input of a second, sothat encoding in each encoder is offset by a small amount of time,allowing most of the encoding to run in parallel. The total latency maythen approximate the sum of the latencies of each encoder from the firstblock read in to the first block written out. The total latency mayreadily facilitate real-time multi-pass encoding. Similar to the othertechnologies described in this section, however, the '280 patent doesnot disclose techniques for calculating the cost of encoding frames ofrendered video in a live streaming application and for using such datato maximize encoded video within bitrate constraints, as are disclosedin the present invention.

U.S. patent Pub. No. US 20170155910 A1 (“the '910 Publication”),discloses systems and methods for splitting the audio of media contentinto separate content files without introducing boundary artifacts. The'910 Publication discloses a system where the encoder segments theoriginal content file into source streamlets and performs two-passencoding of the multiple copies (e.g., streams) on each correspondingraw streamlet without waiting for a TV show to end, for example. Assuch, the web server is capable of streaming the streamlets over theInternet shortly after the streamlet generation system begins capture ofthe original content file. The delay between a live broadcasttransmitted from the publisher and the availability of the contentdepends on the computing power of the hosts. However, the '910Publication does not disclose techniques for calculating the cost ofencoding frames of rendered video in a live streaming application,providing sufficiently low latency for live streaming for gamingapplications, and for using video data to maximize encoded video withinbitrate constraints, as are disclosed in the present invention.

U.S. Pat. No. 9,774,848 (“the '848 patent”), discloses systems andmethods for the enhancement to the video encoder component of the MPEGstandard to improve both the efficiency and quality of the videopresentation at the display device. The technology disclosed teachesperforming video compression by performing adaptive bit allocation bymeans of look-ahead processing. In MPEG video compression, a givennumber of video frames (15, 30, 60 and so on) are grouped together toform a Group-of-Pictures (GoP). Pictures within a GoP are coded eitheras I, P or B pictures (frames). The number of bits allocated to each GoPis made proportional to the number of frames contained in it. The systemperforms real-time look-ahead to collect statistics that enable adaptivebit allocation. It also discloses methods for motion estimation in whichmodified 3D pipeline shader payloads are able to handle multiple patchesin the case of domain shaders or multiple primitives when primitiveobject instance count is greater than one, in the case of geometryshaders, and multiple triangles, in case of pixel shaders. A motionestimation engine is used by graphics processor components to assistwith video in decoding and processing functions that are sensitive oradaptive to the direction or magnitude of the motion within the videodata. The '848 patent, however, does not disclose techniques forcalculating the cost of encoding frames of rendered video in a livestreaming application, providing sufficiently low latency for livestreaming for gaming applications, and for using video data to maximizeencoded video within bitrate constraints, as are disclosed in thepresent invention. Further, the technology of the '848 patent acts, atbest, as an assist, and does not perform precoding in the spatial manneras disclosed in the present invention. As such, it is not able replicateadvantageous multi-pass encoding in the same real-time manner as thepresent invention.

U.S. Pat. No. 9,749,642 (“the '642 patent”), discloses systems andmethods in which a video encoder determines an [motion vector] MVprecision for a unit of video from among multiple MV precisions, whichinclude one or more fractional-sample MV precisions and integer-sampleMV precision. The video encoder can identify a set of MV values having afractional-sample MV precision, then select the MV precision for theunit based at least in part on prevalence of MV values (within the set)having a fractional part of zero. Or, the video encoder can performrate-distortion analysis, where the rate-distortion analysis is biasedtowards the integer-sample MV precision. Again, however, the '642 patentdoes not disclose techniques for calculating the cost of encoding framesof rendered video in a live streaming application, providingsufficiently low latency for live streaming for gaming applications, andfor using video data to maximize encoded video within bitrateconstraints, as are disclosed in the present invention.

European Patent No. EP1820281B1 (“the '281 patent”), discloses systemsand methods for dual-pass encoding. The methods disclosed include thesteps of: a) receiving the picture, (b) calculating a first degree offullness of a coded picture buffer at a first time, (c) operating on thefirst degree of fullness to return a second degree of fullness of thecoded picture buffer at a second time, (d) storing the picture for anamount of time, (e) during that amount of time, measuring a first degreeof complexity of the picture, (f) operating on the first degree ofcomplexity of the picture and the second degree of fullness to return apreferred target size for the picture, and (g) subsequently to step d,providing the picture and the preferred target size to themulti-processor video encoder, where the first time corresponds to themost recent time an accurate degree of fullness of the coded picturebuffer can be calculated and the second time occurs after the firsttime. Again, however, the '281 patent does not disclose techniques forcalculating the cost of encoding frames of rendered video in a livestreaming application, providing sufficiently low latency for livestreaming of gaming applications, and for using video data to maximizeencoded video within bitrate constraints, as are disclosed in thepresent invention.

Japanese Patent No. JP06121518B2 (“'518 patent”), discloses systems andmethods for encoding a selected spatial portion of an original videostream as a stand-alone video stream, where the method comprisesobtaining picture element information pertaining to the selected spatialportion; obtaining encoding hints derived from a complementary spatialportion of said original video stream that is peripheral to the selectedspatial portion; and encoding the selected spatial portion with use ofthe encoding hints. Once again, however, the '518 patent does notdisclose techniques for calculating the cost of encoding frames ofrendered video in a live streaming application, providing sufficientlylow latency for live streaming for gaming applications, and for usingsuch data to maximize encoded video within bitrate constraints, as aredisclosed in the present invention.

U.S. Patent Publication No. 2006/0230428 (“the '428 Publication”)discloses systems and methods directed to a networked videogame systemthat allows multiple players to participate simultaneously. The '428Publication discloses a server that has the ability to store pre-encodedblocks that are compressible and correspond to subsections of a videoframe for a game. The system is also able to generate game content usingpre-encoded blocks in response to user actions in the game. That contentcan then be transmitted to the user. Again, this technology does notperform precoding in the spatial manner as disclosed in the presentinvention, and it is not able replicate advantageous multi-pass encodingin real-time. Furthermore, unlike the technology of the '428Publication, the present invention allows for the system to changeparameters over all portions of the frames in a temporal sequence (suchas resolution) during runtime and provides sufficiently low latency forlive streaming for gaming applications.

U.S. Pat. No. 8,154,553 (“the '553 patent”) discloses systems andmethods that are directed to a streaming game server with aninterception mechanism for rendering commands, and a feed-forwardcontrol mechanism based on the processing of the commands of a renderingengine, on a pre-filtering module, and on a visual encoder. The '553patent technology uses a graphics API to extract a set of object-leveldata, referring to the visual complexity and to the motion of theobjects in the scene. That information is used to control the renderingdetail at the GPU level, the filtering level at the video pre-processor,and the quantization level at the video encoder. The system alsocomputes a motion compensation estimate for each macroblock in thetarget encoded frame in a video encoder. Similar to the othertechnologies discussed herein, the system disclosed in the '553 patentdoes not perform precoding in the temporal or spatial manner disclosedin the present invention, and it is not able to replicate advantageousmulti-pass encoding in real-time because it, in fact, drops frames inresponse to bitrate peaks. Furthermore, unlike the technology of the'428 Publication, the present invention allows for the system toprovides sufficiently low latency for applications live game streaming.

As is apparent from the above discussion of the state of the art in thistechnology, there is a need in the art for an improvement to the presentcomputer technology related to the encoding of real-time gameenvironments.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is therefore an object of the present invention to disclose systemsand methods for maintaining a constant bitrate by hinting an encoder. Inan exemplary embodiment, a server monitors for information related tochanges in frame encoding, calculates tolerance boundaries, rollingaverage frame time, and short-term trends in frame time, and uses thosecalculations to identify a frame time peak. The server then hints anencoder to modulate the quality settings of frame output in proportionto the size of the frame time peak.

It is another object of the present invention to disclose systems andmethods for maintaining a constant bitrate by hinting an encoder, inwhich the calculations of tolerance boundaries, rolling average frametime, and short-term trends in frame time are used to identifyhigh-entropy frames.

It is yet another object of the present invention to disclose systemsand methods for maintaining a constant bitrate by hinting an encoder, inwhich the server calculates a quality scaling value for a frame timeoutside of the tolerance boundaries, and uses that calculation toidentify a frame time peak.

It is yet another an object of the invention to disclose systems andmethods for encoding in which a renderer records one or moreplaythroughs in a game environment, sorts a plurality of frames from theone or more playthroughs into a plurality of cells on a heatmap, andcollects the list of sorted frames. An encoder may then encode one ormore frames from the list of sorted frames to calculate an averageencoded frame size for each cell in the heatmap, and associate eachaverage encoded frame size with a per-cell normalized encoder qualitysetting. The encoder then calculates an average frame size for theheatmap from the average encoded frame size of each cell and uses themduring gameplay as hints for coding a video sequence.

It is another object of the invention to disclose systems and methodsfor encoding in which a renderer records a video sequence comprised of aplurality of frames, and an encoder codes the video sequence in amulti-pass mode that optimizes encoder quality settings against thefirst frame of the video sequence. The encoder may then record theencoder quality setting. The renderer may then normalize the encoderquality settings to the first frame of the video sequence and use themto hint the encoder to code the video sequence during playback.

It is another object of the invention to disclose systems and methodsfor encoding in which one or more frames are encoded in a single pass.

It is yet another object of the invention to disclose systems andmethods for encoding in which the data extracted from one or moreplaythroughs includes a plurality of frames and a player locationassociated with each of the frames.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

A more complete appreciation of the invention and many of the attendantadvantages thereof will be readily obtained as the same becomes betterunderstood by reference to the following detailed description whenconsidered in connection with the accompanying drawings, wherein:

FIG. 1 is diagram of an exemplary environment in which real-timerendered video is livestreamed to a remote viewer;

FIG. 2 is a flow diagram outlining the stages of load estimation basedencoder hinting;

FIG. 3 is a diagram of an exemplary implementation that detects frametime peaks and frame time valleys and then alters the encoder settingsaccordingly;

FIG. 4 is an exemplary flow diagram outlining the use of pre-generatedencoder quality settings during the runtime of a live-renderer;

FIG. 5 is an exemplary flow diagram outlining the stages ofpre-generating encoder quality settings for a live-rendered sequence inaccordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 6 is a diagram of the data generated during an exemplarypre-generation of encoder quality settings for an in-engine real-timecutscene of determinate length in accordance with an embodiment of theinvention;

FIG. 7 is a diagram of an exemplary pre-generation of encoder qualitysettings for a spatially related sequence in accordance with anembodiment of the invention; and

FIG. 8 is an exemplary heatmap from which normalized encoder qualitysettings may be extracted in accordance with an embodiment of theinvention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

In describing the preferred embodiments of the invention illustrated inthe drawings, specific terminology will be resorted to for the sake ofclarity. However, the invention is not intended to be limited to thespecific terms so selected, and it is to be understood that eachspecific term includes all technical equivalents that operate in asimilar manner to accomplish a similar purpose. Several preferredembodiments of the invention are described for illustrative purposes, itbeing understood that the invention may be embodied in other forms notspecifically shown in the drawings.

During typical operation of a live-streaming video game running at 60frames per second, the encoder calculates motion vectors and residuals.When a video frame is significantly different from the previous framedue to new video information, the residuals calculated by the encodermay be larger than normal, causing a spike in network bandwidth usage.An encoder will adapt its encoding settings during live streaming inresponse to factors such as these bitrate spikes, but can only adjustsettings reactively.

In cases where video frames are rendered in real-time, the encoder canbe forewarned to preemptively adapt the encoding settings to maintainthe highest possible quality for a bitrate constraint. The process ofproviding settings to override encoder-selected settings is calledhinting. Since the renderer has information about frames before they areencoded, the renderer is occasionally more suited to select appropriateencoder settings and should hint the encoder accordingly. The renderercan hint the encoder when an incoming frame is a high entropy image,when an incoming frame has no relation to previous frames, or for otherreasons that may result in large residuals, quality drops, or bitratespikes.

FIG. 1 is a diagram of an exemplary environment in which real-timerendered video is livestreamed to a remote viewer. The server 100 may becomprised of any hardware capable of simultaneously running a real-timerendering process 102 (also referred to as a “renderer” herein) and astreaming codec 104 (also referred to, herein, as an “encoder”). Theserver 100 may be comprised of one or more hardware devices, includingone or more telemetry servers 105 that perform telemetry measurements,as explained below. The server 100 and the telemetry server 105 may belocal or remote to the rendering process 102 and the codec 104. Thecodec 104 must also have the ability to communicate its encoder qualitysettings back to the rendering process 102 through direct reporting orsome other monitoring process known in the art. The encoded video streamis transmitted over a network to a client 106 device. The client 106 maybe comprised any hardware capable of decoding and displaying the videostream.

FIG. 2 is a flow diagram outlining the stages of load estimation basedencoder hinting. While the renderer is generating video, the renderingprocess or some other server-side process should be monitoring forinformation that would change how a frame needs to be encoded at“MONITOR FOR AN EVENT,” step 200. This may include information such asthe number of draw calls made to the renderer during this frame, anattempt to calculate the size of the encoded residuals based on thenumber of pixels which appear for the first time in a frame, or someother information that attempts to correlate rendering performance toencoder performance. The monitored information may include any message,calculated result, outcome, or other discretely measurable value thatoccurs during the runtime rendering process. When information is readthat would indicate the encoded frame size will be significantlydifferent from the previous frame's encoded frame size, this informationis called an event.

The event may originate in the renderer, as described by FIG. 3, wherean exemplary implementation of peak detection monitoring in therendering process monitors each frame's rendering time to detectunusually long or unusually short frame times. In this case, an unusualframe rendering time is considered an event.

When the renderer receives an event, there may be some additionalcalculations required at the renderer to generate encoder qualitysettings for the purpose of hinting the encoder at “PREPARE ENCODERQUALITY SETTINGS FOR CURRENT FRAME,” step 202. These calculations mayinclude modifying information measured during the event monitoring ofthe previous step. These calculations may also include modifying theruntime encoder quality settings which are reported by the encoder tothe renderer on each frame and should be available as-needed at “REPORTENCODER SETTINGS FOR EACH ENCODED FRAME,” step 204. The generatedencoder quality settings are sent from the renderer to the encoder at“HINT ENCODER WITH PREPARED ENCODER SETTINGS” 206. The renderer willcontinue to monitor for events on future frames.

In the example of FIG. 3, when a frame takes an unusually long time torender, the renderer will hint the encoder to reduce the qualitysettings in proportion to the size of this frame time peak. To preparethe encoder quality setting value, the renderer may use the measuredframe time from the current frame, the measured frame times from somenumber of previous frames, and the runtime encoder quality settings asreported by the encoder. These calculations are explained in more detailin connection with the discussion of FIG. 3.

Other processes running on the server may also have access to frameinformation that can be used to hint the encoder settings. For example,a game engine that contains a renderer may use the measured impact onencoded video bandwidth by visual effects triggered by the game toreduce the encoder quality settings. To gather information on theadditional encoding cost of a given visual effect, a developer may needto apply an effect and measure the increase in bitrate when encoding atvarious encoder quality settings. The measurements can be used to selecta quality for which the encoded frame size for a frame containing thevisual effect is roughly of the same encoded frame size as a previousframe which did not contain the visual effect. The difference betweenthe quality setting selected for the visual effect and the defaultquality setting is referred to as the settings delta. The encoder may behinted to use the selected quality or hinted to reduce the currentquality by the measured settings delta. The results should be stored ina format that can easily translate a visual effect event into theassociated encoder hint such as a lookup table or other type of indexedarray.

FIG. 3 is an exemplary implementation that detects frame time peaks andframe time valleys, and then alters the encoder settings accordingly.This example uses the correlation between rendering time and imageentropy to estimate the effect on the video stream's bitrate. If a framecontains lots of new visual information, that is additional elementswhich contribute to the frame for the first time, it is likely to takemore time to render the frame when compared to the previous frames. Forexample, if a frame is rendered with roughly the same frame time as theprevious frame, it is likely that the environment has not changedsignificantly. This implied correlation is particularly apparent in afirst-person game/engine. If the rendered frame time is suddenly higher,it implies that something in the environment is newly introduced. Theencoder will also struggle with any new video information, like suddenexplosion effects covering the screen or sudden new geometry on screen.Similarly, lots of new information in a frame will increase the size ofthe residuals calculated by the encoder. Therefore, monitoring for peaksin rendering time may identify frames that are likely to containhigh-entropy images before they can cause a spike in the video stream'sbitrate.

A rolling average is used in signal processing and statistical analysisto identify short-term outliers while accounting for long-term trends. Arolling average is calculated by finding the arithmetic mean of acertain number of previous data points; the set of previous data pointsused to calculate the rolling average is called the rolling window. Inthe case of live-rendering, identifying frame times which deviate fromthe rolling average frame time can identify high-entropy frames. Therolling average frame time 300 in this example is the average frame timefor the previous rolling window. That is, the frame times are summed foreach frame in the rolling window then the sum is divided by the numberof frames in the rolling window. The rolling window size may be tunedbased on the typical frequency of long-term frame-time trends asmeasured during runtime profiling to examine typical data trends. For anexample rolling window size of ten frames, the average frame time willbe calculated based on the previous ten frame times. As a side-effect ofany low-pass filter, if the rolling window is too small, there may bemore false-positives than necessary in the peak detection. It mayclassify a frame as “exceptionally busy” when, in reality, the longerframe time is explained by some long-term pattern of behavior thatfrequently occurs in the renderer. The rolling average frame time 300 isaccompanied by an upper tolerance 302 and lower tolerance 304. Thetolerance may be tuned to identify typical short-term trends in theframe time. For a real-time renderer running at 60 frames per second, atolerance of ±1 ms, or about 6.25%, may be sufficient. Frame times canvary within the tolerance of the rolling average frame time withouttriggering any encoder hinting. Finding the appropriate window size andtolerance values may require some runtime profiling to determine typicaltrends in frame time. For example, a game running at 100 frames persecond might only update shadows every other frame leading to typicaljitter of 1 ms, requiring a tolerance greater than 10%. Conversely, agame might run comfortably at 30 frames per second at a very stableframe time of 33 ms with the most demanding visual effect contributingonly 0.5 ms, so the tolerance may be as low as 1.5%.

The frame time for the current frame is compared to the rolling averageframe time. If the current frame time is outside of the toleranceboundaries, the quality is adjusted on the encoder. Tolerance boundariesmay be calculated by measuring the frame times, using a process calledprofiling, to examine the typical changes in frame time between adjacentor nearly-adjacent frames (short-term trends) and the changes in frametime over certain windows (such as periodically repeating patterns orother long-term trends). The rolling window size and tolerance can thenbe adjusted until the encoder hinting is only triggered duringhigh-entropy/busy moments, but not during moments where the player ismoving around and exploring the environment. If the frame time exceedsthe upper tolerance 302, as in the example case of “FRAME 2” 306, theencoding quality will be reduced. If the frame time is under the lowertolerance 304, as in the example case of “FRAME 5” 308, the encoderquality will be increased. In certain embodiments, the encoding qualitymay be increased back up to full capacity any time the frame time fallsbelow the tolerance. Depending on the implementation, a system may alsochoose to scale the quality back up more slowly using a scaling methodsimilar to that used for lowering quality.

An exemplary hinting method may scale the quality between an upper-bound310 and lower-bound 312 quality setting. For example, the upper-boundmay be the default quality settings and the lower-bound may be somepercentage, such as 50%, of the default quality. If a frame time peakfalls above the tolerance, the quality settings may be linearly scaledbetween the upper-bound and lower-bound based on the size of the frametime peak above the tolerance. If a frame time falls below thetolerance, the quality settings may be returned to the upper-boundvalue.

To calculate the quality scaling value for a frame time outside of thetolerance, the frame time should first be normalized with respect to therolling average frame time exemplarily in accordance with the belowequation (1).

$\begin{matrix}{{{normalized}\mspace{14mu} {time}} = \frac{{frame}\mspace{14mu} {time}}{{rolling}\mspace{14mu} {average}\mspace{14mu} {frame}\mspace{14mu} {time}}} & (1)\end{matrix}$

Subtracting 1 from the normalized time results in the frame's deviationfrom the rolling average frame time. Dividing the deviation by thetolerance and then subtracting 1 provides a scaling value. This scalingvalue should be clamped to remain between 0 and 1; all negative scalingvalues should be clamped to 0 and all values above 1 should be clampedto 1, exemplarily in accordance with the below equation (2).

$\begin{matrix}{{{scaling}\mspace{14mu} {value}} = \frac{{{normalized}\mspace{14mu} {time}} - 1}{{tolerance}\; - 1}} & (2)\end{matrix}$

The clamped scaling value can be used to interpolate between theupper-bound quality setting and the lower-bound quality setting. Aclamped scaling value of 0 represents the upper-bound quality and aclamped scaling value of 1 represents the lower-bound quality,exemplarily in accordance with the below equation (3).

scaled quality setting=max−(scaling value*(max−min))  (3)

In the example, if “FRAME 2” 306 takes 16 ms when the rolling average is15 ms, the resulting clamped scaling value is 0.025 or 2.5%. If theupper-bound quality value is the default quality settings and thelower-bound is 50% of the default quality, the scaled quality settingfor this frame will be 98.75% of the default quality.

If “FRAME 5” 308 takes 14.25 ms when the rolling average is 15.25 ms,the frame time is below the tolerance and the scaling value will beclamped to 0. The scaled quality setting will be set to the upper-boundquality settings.

Multiple encoder hinting methods may be layered by combining theprepared encoder quality settings values from the preparation step, asshown at step 400 in FIG. 4, before sending the aggregated encoderquality settings value to the encoder for hinting, as shown at step 406in FIG. 4. In one embodiment, the arithmetic mean of the preparedencoder quality settings may be found in order to generate a singlevalue that equally incorporates the contributions from all sources. Inanother embodiment, a weighted arithmetic mean may be calculated byassigning a weight to each source that may contribute an encoder qualitysettings value for encoder hinting. The assigned weights may be used tomore-strongly weigh one contributing source over another. For example,contributions from a frame-time peak event may have a strongercorrelation on changes in encoded bitrate when compared to contributionsfrom a single visual effect event so it may be desirable to more-highlyweigh the contributions from the frame-time peak event. The weightedarithmetic mean can be calculated by using the standard definition,exemplarily in accordance with the below equation (4), where i=1represents the first number in the set of n quality settings. Note thatthe indices on mathematical sets start at 1, different from programmingindices which start at 0.

$\begin{matrix}{\overset{\_}{x} = \frac{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}\; {w_{i}x_{i}}}{\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{n}\; w_{i}}} & (4)\end{matrix}$

FIG. 4 is an exemplary flow diagram outlining the use of pre-generatedencoder quality settings during the runtime of a live-renderer. Therenderer should monitor for the sequences which have a set ofpre-generated encoder quality settings at “MONITOR FOR GAME SEQUENCES,”step 400. These sequences may include temporally predictable sequencesof frames, such as in-engine real-time cutscenes, or spatiallypredictable sequences which can be converted to time series duringruntime when the player location is known. Temporally predictablesequences are sequences of frames in which every frame has some knownrelationship with its adjacent neighbor. That is, a sequence of framesis temporally predictable if it is of a consistent length, consistentorder, and any two adjacent frames have a consistent relationship inpixel-data and motion-data. Spatially predictable sequences provide somerelationship between two adjacent virtual locations which can be used tomake inferences about a temporal sequence, which is constructed when thevirtual space is traversed during the runtime of the renderer. That is,two locations in a virtual space are spatially related if they produce atemporally predictable sequence when a virtual camera moves between thetwo virtual locations. For example, in a video game, two adjacentlocations are temporally related if moving between the two locationsproduces video in which the pixel-data and motion-data are somewhatconsistent. This is typically true of most 3D levels in video games,since the environment and background surrounding the player aretypically rendered in fixed locations as the player traverses the level.

The pre-generation of encoder quality settings is described in moredetail in connection with FIG. 5. The pre-generated encoder qualitysettings are stored to disk on the server in a runtime-readable formatsuch as a lookup table or heatmap. When the beginning of a sequence isdetected, the pre-generated encoder quality settings for the detectedgame sequence are read and prepared at “FIND PRE-GENERATED ENCODERSETTINGS FOR GAME SEQUENCE,” step 602. Encoder quality settings may needto be prepared if they have been normalized before storage. Preparationmay include multiplying normalized encoder quality settings by theruntime encoder quality setting, a target encoder quality setting, or anencoder quality setting from some other source. In certain embodiments,detection of an event may be for each of the sequences encoder qualitysettings that are pre-generated. In other embodiments, a check may beperformed at runtime when each cutscene starts to determine whether itis in the list of sequences for which settings exist. If thepre-generated encoder quality settings were normalized before storage,there will be a multiplication step to prepare the encoder qualitysettings. In the example described in connection with FIG. 6, encoderquality settings are generated for the frames in an in-engine real-timecutscene and normalized to the first frame of the sequence. For anormalized time series such as this, the encoder quality settings willneed to be prepared by multiplying the normalized values by the runtimeencoder quality setting for the first frame in the sequence. The encoderquality settings are reported by the encoder on each frame and should beavailable as-needed at “REPORT ENCODER SETTINGS FOR EACH ENCODED FRAME,”step 604. In the example described in connection with FIG. 7, encoderquality settings are generated for each location in a map and arenormalized to the average encoder quality setting over the whole map.For a normalized spatial series such as this, the encoder qualitysettings will need to be prepared by multiplying the normalized valuesby the runtime encoder quality setting for the first frame in thesequence.

The encoder quality settings will be sent to the encoder for each framein the sequence at “HINT ENCODER WITH PRE-GENERATED ENCODER SETTINGS,”step 606. The encoder will use the encoder quality settings sent fromthe renderer to encode the next frame. The renderer will continue toprepare the pre-generated encoder quality settings and hint the encoderon each frame until the sequence is complete. When the sequence ends,the renderer will continue to monitor for the next sequence. For thein-engine real-time cutscene example described in connection with FIG.6, the encoder will be hinted for each frame in the cutscene until thecutscene ends. For the exemplary heatmap method described in connectionwith FIG. 5, the encoder will be hinted for the entire duration that theplayer is within the bounds of the area defined by the heatmap.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram outlining the stages of pre-generating encoderquality settings for a live-rendered sequence. Encoder quality settingscan be pre-generated for any sequence that has a predictable andmeasurable temporal or spatial component. A sequence may haveunpredictable portions, such as an in-engine real-time cutscene thatwill render the armor currently being worn by the player character or anin-world cutscene that allows the players to move or look around whilethe events play out. A sequence should be identified that haspredictable portions by looking for adjacent-frame relationships intime-series sequences such as in-engine real-time cutscenes oradjacent-location relationships in virtual spaces which will be usedduring runtime to generate frame sequences such as traversable areas invideo game levels. One such sequence should be identified at “SELECTSEQUENCE,” step 500.

At the encoder, the encoder quality settings should be generated for thesequence with the goal of maintaining a constant bitrate at “GENERATEENCODER SETTINGS FOR SEQUENCE,” step 502. Encoder quality settings foran in-engine real-time cutscene may be calculated by recording a videoof the cutscene and encoding the video with a multi-pass encoding mode.Multi-pass encoding will encode the first frame and use the size of theencoded first frame to constrain all subsequent frames. As each frame isencoded, the encoded size is compared to the encoded size of the firstframe and the quality settings are adjusted for the current frame untilthe encoded frame sizes are close in size. In certain embodiments, thesequence of frames may be encoded with a fixed number of passes in amulti-pass encoding mode. In other embodiments, the sequence may be fedthrough successive passes in a multi-pass encoding mode until theper-frame sizes settle at a value and do not change between the finalencoding pass and penultimate encoding pass. The encoder qualitysettings can be recorded as they are generated or extracted from theresulting encoded video. The generated encoder quality settings will beused during runtime to balance the bandwidth during the given sequence,thereby avoiding bitrate peaks and dips. In contrast to pre-encoding thevideo of a pre-rendered cutscene and storing it for playback, generatingencoder quality settings in this way will allow in-engine real-timecutscenes to include context-based content such as customizable playerarmor, weapons, or other cosmetic items while still benefiting from thebandwidth equalization provided by pre-generated quality settings.

A similar process can be repeated many times to generate encodersettings for a spatially-related sequence. The process is described inmore detail by the example data flow described in connection with FIG.7.

For in-engine real-time cutscenes, the encoder quality settings for eachframe should be normalized by dividing them by the encoder qualitysetting value of the first frame in the sequence. This allows dynamicelements of the sequence, such as player armor or cosmetic items, to berepresented in the final encoder quality settings prepared at runtime.For spatially-related sequences which will be stored as a heatmap, eachencoder quality setting should be normalized to the average encoderquality setting over the whole area defined by the heatmap by dividingeach encoder quality setting by the map-wide average encoder qualitysetting. An exemplary heatmap is shown in FIG. 8. The normalized encodervalues, generated at the rendering process, should be organized into theappropriate runtime-readable format, such as a list of encoder qualitysettings for each frame in a time series or a heatmap that defines anencoder quality setting for each location in a map, and stored at“NORMALIZE AND STORE ENCODER QUALITY SETTINGS FOR EACH FRAME IN THESEQUENCE,” step 504.

FIG. 6 shows how the data is generated during an exemplarypre-generation of encoder quality settings for an in-engine real-timecutscene of determinate length. In-engine real-time cutscenes, unlikepre-rendered cutscenes, are generated during runtime using the samerendering engine that is used to produce the rest of the live-renderedvideo output. An in-engine real-time cutscene may also includecontextual information about the game state, such as cosmetic items wornby the player, non-player characters in the player's group, or othergame state controlled by player choice. Although in-engine real-timecutscenes have been historically lower-quality than pre-renderedcutscenes, they are becoming more common as live-rendered visualfidelity becomes closer to pre-rendered visual fidelity. In-enginereal-time cutscenes are also commonly used where several options, suchas language options, resolution options, and character customizationoptions, might impact the video output of a cutscene so that a game diskdoes not have to include multiple versions of a pre-rendered cutscene.

In this example, an in-engine real-time cutscene of 480 frames inlength, roughly 8 seconds long for a game running at 60 frames persecond, is selected. This cutscene will play back the same series ofevents for all players. The cutscene video is recorded at the renderer,producing a series of 480 frames in the recorded sequence 600. Therecorded sequence 600 is encoded using a multi-pass encoding mode. Whileencoding each frame in the recorded sequence, the multi-pass encodingprocess will alter the encoder quality settings so that the encodedframe size becomes closer to the encoded size of the first frame. Thefirst frame in the sequence is used as a frame-size reference in orderto ensure a consistent bitrate throughout the entire encoded sequence.

The multi-pass encoder quality settings 602 are either recorded duringthe encoding process at the encoder or extracted from the encodedresults produced by the encoder. The encoder quality settings are anordered list of floats. At 4 bytes per float, the entire ordered list of480 floats consumes only 1,920 bytes of data. The small file size allowsa live-renderer to store many sets of pre-generated encoder settings inmemory during runtime and may result in the favorable result ofperforming the process described herein for every game sequence withoutrunning into memory constraints.

At the renderer, the encoder quality settings are normalized to thefirst frame exemplarily in accordance with the below equation (5).

$\begin{matrix}{{{normalized}\mspace{14mu} {QP}} = \frac{{frame}\mspace{14mu} {QP}}{{first}\mspace{14mu} {frame}\mspace{14mu} {QP}}} & (5)\end{matrix}$

The normalized encoder quality settings 604 are stored as an orderedlist of floats, preferably at the encoder.

The ordered list of normalized quality settings 604 is read when thecutscene begins to play during runtime. The normalized quality settingsare multiplied by the runtime encoder quality setting for the firstframe in the sequence, as reported by the encoder to the renderingengine, and then used to hint the encoder for each subsequent frame inthe cutscene. In certain embodiments, the H.264 standard-compliantlibrary ffmpeg running in Constant Rate Factor (CRF) mode will accept anoverride quantization parameter value on the command line using the −crfswitch.

Normalizing the encoder quality settings allows the pre-generatedencoder quality settings to be used during runtime playback of thecutscene in multiple different contexts. For example, multiplying thenormalized encoder settings 604 by the runtime encoder quality settingreported by the encoder for the first frame in the sequence produces aconsistent bitrate for the entire cutscene regardless of anycustomizable player armor that the player chooses to wear. Similarly,the method accounts for the different rendering settings, such as screenresolution, in which an in-engine real-time cutscene may be played.

FIG. 7 is a diagram of the exemplary pre-generation of encoder qualitysettings for a spatially related sequence such as the sequence generatedat runtime when a player traverses a virtual space in a video game.Player position in a video game can be generally correlated to the imageentropy of output video since a player's view has a disproportionatelylarge effect on the encoded video stream's bitrate. This correlation ismost apparent when comparing the encoded video bitrate between videocaptured in open areas and video captured in tight areas. Open areas,such as outdoor areas, produce video at a higher average bitrate whiletight areas, such as corridors, produce video at a lower averagebitrate. This relationship occurs because outdoor areas tend to benon-uniform, vast areas with lots of competing motion such as ambientanimation on vegetation while indoor areas tend to consist of staticarchitectural geometry which produce cohesive motion vectors and smallerresiduals.

A map can be segmented by a grid and an encoder quality setting can bepre-generated for each cell in the map to form a heatmap, as shown inFIG. 5, of normalized encoder quality settings. A typical encoded videobitrate for a given player location can either be recorded usingmultiple real playthroughs or through procedurally-generatedplaythroughs. Since real players are unpredictable, it is oftenimpossible to procedurally generate playthroughs that accurately capturethe ways in which players will traverse a virtual space. Proceduralplaythroughs can be generated for any expected traversal-paths toquickly generate coverage of the entire map but may miss any unexpectedtraversal-paths which may be discovered by real players. Each approachwill have drawbacks: tracking real telemetry takes significantly moretime, but procedurally generated data might not accurately reflect realplay experiences. In certain embodiments, a combination of bothrecordings may be used to provide a more accurate heatmap.

The recorded video should contain not only video frames, as shown in therecorded sequence 600 of FIG. 6, but will also establish a playerlocation for each frame. The player location may be in 3D space or maybe simplified to the horizontal 2D plane as represented by a top-downmap. Portions of two example recorded playthroughs, the first recordedplaythrough, shown as “FIRST RECORDED PLAYTHROUGH,” at step 700 and thesecond recorded playthrough, “SECOND RECORDED PLAYTHROUGH,” shown asstep 702, are shown in the exemplary method described in connection withFIG. 7. The video frames are captured along with player locations. Eachvideo frame in a captured playthrough video is sorted by location intothe appropriate cell. In this example, frame 4 from the first recordedplaythrough is shown at “FIRST RECORDED PLAYTHROUGH,” in step 700, andframe 2 from the second recorded playthrough is shown at “SECONDRECORDED PLAYTHROUGH,” in step 702. At “HEATMAP,” step 704, both aresorted into cell B6 at “CELL B6,” at step 706. As this example cell isquite large, the exemplary heatmap shown in FIG. 8 shows a heatmap withmuch smaller cells for greater resolution.

Both procedurally-generated and real playthroughs may be generated andrecoded at the renderer. The resulting playthrough recordings may becollected in a centralized renderer location. As multiple playthroughsare collected, each cell in the heatmap may have multiple frames thatwere recorded at a location within the cell. A telemetry server 105 maybe used during development to collect this data. The rendering/gameengine may then generate the telemetry and send it to a centralizedlocation. The telemetry server 105 could be local or remote to therenderer. Generated telemetry may also be manually collected by manuallycollecting produced telemetry files from the local rendering machine andsent to a centralized storage. The example of FIG. 7 shows the beginningof the list of frames belonging to cell B6 at “CELL B6 FRAMES,” step708. This list of spatially-related frames will grow as more playthroughrecordings are collected or generated.

The collection of frames belonging to a cell may be encoded using asingle-pass encoding mode used during livestreaming with a targetencoder quality setting, shown at “TARGET QUALITY ENCODE,” step 710. Anencoded frame size will be generated for each frame belonging to thecell. The example of FIG. 7 shows the beginning of the list of encodedframe sizes belonging to cell B6, shown at “ENCODED FRAME SIZE FOR CELLB6 FRAMES,” step 712. These encoded frame sizes may be averaged to findan average encoded frame size for the cell. The example of FIG. 7 showsthe average encoded frame size belonging to cell B6 at “AVERAGE ENCODEDFRAME SIZE FOR CELL B6,” shown at step 714. The process should berepeated for all cells in the heatmap to find an average encoded framesize for each cell. The average encoded frame sizes are shown for cellsB6 at “AVERAGE ENCODED FRAME SIZE FOR CELL B6,” shown at step 714 and B7at “AVERAGE ENCODED FRAME SIZE FOR CELL B7,” shown at step 716 as arepresentation of the list of average frame sizes for all cells in theheatmap.

All average frame sizes for each cell should be averaged to find amap-wide average frame size at “AVERAGE ENCODED FRAME SIZE FOR ALLCELLS,” shown at step 718. This map-wide average frame size may be usedas the target bandwidth. The cells with average encoded frame sizeslarger than the map-wide average will be re-encoded at a lower encoderquality setting until the average cell frame size is nearly the same asthe map-wide average. Similarly, the cells with an average encoded framesize smaller than the map-wide average will be re-encoded at a higherencoder quality setting until the average cell frame size is nearly thesame as the map-wide average. In certain embodiments, the sequence offrames for a given cell may be encoded with a fixed number of passes ina multi-pass encoding mode. In other embodiments, the sequence may befed through successive passes in a multi-pass encoding mode until theper-frame sizes settle at a value and do not change between the finalencoding pass and penultimate encoding pass. In the example of FIG. 7,the average encoded frame size for cell B6 at step 714 is higher thanthe average encoded frame size for all cells at “AVERAGE ENCODED FRAMESIZE FOR ALL CELLS,” shown at step 718. The spatially-related framesbelonging to cell B6 at “CELL B6 FRAMES,” step 708 are re-encoded withinthe context of their original playthrough sequence at the encoder usinga multi-pass encoding mode and a target frame size at “LOWER QUALITYENCODE,” step 720 until the average encoded frame size for cell B6 at“LOWER AVERAGE ENCODED FRAME SIZE FOR CELL B6,” step 724 is nearly thesame size as the average encoded frame size for all cells shown at“AVERAGE ENCODED FRAME SIZE FOR ALL CELLS,” step 718. All average framesizes for cells should be nearly the same size when the process iscompleted for all cells.

Each cell should have an associated encoder quality setting which wasused to generate an average encoded frame size for the cell of a sizecomparable to the map-wide average encoded frame size. The per-cellencoder quality settings may be normalized by the map-wide averageencoder quality setting, exemplarily in accordance with Equation (6)below.

$\begin{matrix}{{{normalized}\mspace{14mu} {encoder}\mspace{14mu} {quality}\mspace{14mu} {setting}} = \frac{{encoder}\mspace{14mu} {quality}\mspace{14mu} {setting}}{\Sigma_{cells}\frac{{encoder}\mspace{14mu} {quality}\mspace{14mu} {setting}}{{number}\mspace{14mu} {of}\mspace{14mu} {cells}}}} & (6)\end{matrix}$

During video-streaming, the game can pull the normalized encoder qualitysetting from the heatmap cell corresponding to the current playerposition and use it to hint the encoder by sending a quality settingoverride. As explained above, in certain embodiments, the H.264standard-compliant library ffmpeg running in Constant Rate Factor (CRF)mode will accept an override quantization parameter value on the commandline using the −crf switch to hint the encoder. An exemplarily heatmap,from which normalized encoder quality settings may be extracted, isshown in FIG. 8.

As the encoder quality settings are normalized, they can be combinedfrom multiple sources, such as a spatially related sequence and atemporally related sequence, during the preparation step described by“FIND PRE-GENERATED ENCODER SETTINGS FOR GAME SEQUENCE,” step 402, inFIG. 4. The normalized values can be multiplied together before thisstep to generate an encoder quality setting that implicitly accounts forthe effects on the encoded video bitrate from each source sequence. Forexample, the player's location is used to read a pre-generatednormalized encoder quality setting from a heatmap and the player'sweapon produces a firing sequence that has a time-series pre-generatednormalized encoder quality setting. These two normalized values aremultiplied together during the preparation step to incorporate theeffect of player location and weapon choice on the encoded videobitrate.

The foregoing description and drawings should be considered asillustrative only of the principles of the invention. The invention isnot intended to be limited by the preferred embodiment and may beimplemented in a variety of ways that will be clear to one of ordinaryskill in the art. Numerous applications of the invention will readilyoccur to those skilled in the art. Therefore, it is not desired to limitthe invention to the specific examples disclosed or the exactconstruction and operation shown and described. Rather, all suitablemodifications and equivalents may be resorted to, falling within thescope of the invention.

1. A method for encoder hinting comprising: monitoring for apredetermined event during a rendering process; generating one or moreencoder quality settings for one or more frames based on thepredetermined event; reporting encoder settings to a renderer; andtransmitting the generated encoder quality settings to an encoder,wherein the generated encoder quality settings hint an encoder.
 2. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the predetermined event is one or more of amessage, a calculated result, an outcome or a discretely measurablevalue that occurs during a runtime rendering process.
 3. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the predetermined event is any information thatindicates that an encoded frame size will be different from a previouslyencoded frame's size.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein thepredetermined event originates at the renderer.
 5. The method of claim1, wherein the predetermined event is detected by monitoring forunusually long or unusually short frame times.
 6. The method of claim 1,wherein generating the one or more encoder quality settings involvesmodifying runtime encoder quality settings that are reported by theencoder to the renderer.
 7. The method of claim 1, further comprisingcorrelating frame rendering time and image entropy to identify thepredetermined event.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the predeterminedevent is determined by comparing frame time for a current frame againsta rolling average frame time.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the hintto the encoder comprises scaling the encoder quality settings between anupper and lower bound.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the hint tothe encoder is triggered during high entropy moments in encoding.
 11. Anon-transitory computer-readable medium for hinting an encoder,comprising a server that: monitors for a predetermined event during arendering process; generates one or more encoder quality settings forone or more frames based on the predetermined event; reports encodersettings to a renderer; and transmits the generated encoder qualitysettings to an encoder, wherein the generated encoder quality settingshint an encoder.
 12. The non-transitory computer-readable medium ofclaim 11, wherein the predetermined event is one or more of a message, acalculated result, an outcome or a discretely measurable value thatoccurs during a runtime rendering process.
 13. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 11, wherein the predetermined event isany information that indicates that an encoded frame size will bedifferent from a previously encoded frame's size.
 14. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 11, wherein the predetermined eventoriginates at the renderer.
 15. The method of claim 11, wherein thepredetermined event is detected by monitoring for unusually long orunusually short frame times.
 16. The non-transitory computer-readablemedium of claim 11, wherein the generation of the one or more encoderquality settings involves modifying runtime encoder quality settingsthat are reported by the encoder to the renderer.
 17. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium of claim 11, further comprising correlatingframe rendering time and image entropy to identify the predeterminedevent.
 18. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 11,wherein the predetermined event is determined by comparing frame timefor a current frame against a rolling average frame time.
 19. Thenon-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 11, wherein the hint tothe encoder comprises scaling the encoder quality settings between anupper and lower bound
 20. The non-transitory computer-readable medium ofclaim 11, wherein the hint to the encoder is triggered during highentropy moments in encoding.